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Rack EA – Organization of DoD
Aisle E — Defense Enterprise
Library: Main Page — Professional Development (A) — Defense Enterprise (E) — Force Structure (F) — Modernization (M) — Personnel (P) — Readiness (R) — Special Enterprises (S) — Resource Management (X) — References (Z)
Defense Enterprise (E): Organization of DoD (EA) — Defense Business Area (EB) — Civil-Military Relations (EC) — Interagency Operations (EI) — Risk Management (EK) — Enterprise Leadership (EL) — Global Context (EN) — Strategic Planning (ES) — Defense Transformation (ET)
Disclaimer: The inclusion of resources here is for informational, historical, and research purposes only and is provided as a service for US Army War College faculty, students, and graduates to support their educational and professional requirements. These may include outdated or superseded materials. The inclusion of these materials does not constitute endorsement by the U.S. Army War College, the U.S. Army, or Department of Defense.
This rack provides resources regarding the structure of the Department of Defense (past, present, future) and associated civil-military relations with national and state leaders.
This shelf provides some of the defining documents of the Department of Defense. and its structure, along with some faculty commentaries on the defense enterprise. It contains resources related to the legal basis for the defense enterprise and key frameworks that shape it. Shelves are dedicated to specific laws and their impacts such as the DoD Reorganization Act of 1986 (also known as the Goldwater-Nichols Act).
In the U.S., the legal framework is defined in several U.S. codes — Title 10 for the active duty forces, Title 22 for the reserve components, and Title 36 for various other entities associated with the defense enterprise such as so-called “patriotic organizations.”
Faculty Publications:
- Yuengert, Louis G. and Douglas E. Waters, “Headquarters, Department of the Army, the Secretariat, and the Army Staff,” DM Faculty Paper EA-001.
- Allen, Charles D. “The Pit and the Pendulum: Civil-Military Relations in an Age of Austerity,” Armed Forces Journal (May 2013): 18-20, 32-33.
- Local copy available as the Armed Forces Journal is no longer active.
- Allen, Charles D. “Civil-Military Relations in Transitions,” Joint Force Quarterly 86 (3rd Quarter 2017): 49-59.
- Allen, Charles D. and Bradford, Robert D. “Taking a Bite of the APPLE(W): Understanding the Defense Enterprise,” Military Review (May-June 2018): 64-73.
- Allen, Charles D. and Coates, Breena E. “The Engagement of Military Voice,” Parameters 39, no. 4 (Winter 2009-2010): 73-87.
- Bonin, John A. and James D. Scudieri. “Change and Innovation in the Institutional Army from 1860-2020,” Parameters 53, no. 2 (Summer 2023): 95-120, https://press.armywarcollege.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3225&context=parameters
- Waters, Douglas E. “DoD Decision Support Systems and Governance Councils” (DCLM faculty paper): 2023 version | 2020 version | 2018 version | 2015 version (“Structural Factors in Department of Defense Decision Making”). Available on request.
Laws, Policies, Memos, and Regulations (sorted by regulation number):
- Full text of US Code, https://uscode.house.gov
- Excerpts of Title 10, U.S. Code (compiled by DCLM faculty in 2020):
- Sections 113, 131, 151, 153, 3013, and 3014 (Secretary of Defense, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and the U.S. Army)
- Section 139a (DoD – Director of Cost Analysis and Program Execution, or CAPE)
- Sections 331-335 (Insurrection Act of 1996)
- Excerpts of Title 31, U.S. Code (compiled by DCLM faculty in 2019):
- Section 1535 (Economy Act)
- DoD:
- DoD Directive 5100.01, Functions of the Department of Defense and its Major Component, 2020 version (with Change 1) | 2010 version | 2003 version [as DoDD 5100.1]
- DoD Directive 5101.01, DoD Executive Agent, 2022 version, 2003 version [as DoDD 5101.1]
- DoD Directive 5105.79, DoD Senior Governance Councils, 2008 version
- DoD Directive 8000.01, Management of the Department of Defense Information Enterprise (DoD IE), 2017 version w/c1
- Joint Staff, Joint Officer Handbook – Staff Guide: 2010 version
- Army:
- Army General Orders 2020-01, Assignment of Functions and Responsibilities Within Headquarters, Department of the Army, 2020.
- AR 10-87, Army Commands, Army Service Component Commands, and Direct Reporting Units, 2017.
Strategies and Reports:
- DoD, Evolution of the Department of Defense Directive 5000.01, White Paper (Washington, DC: Chief Management Office): 2020 Update
- DoD, FY2020 Annual Performance Plan (Washington, DC: Department of Defense, 2020). Older copies available at https://dam.defense.gov/Publications/Annual-Performance-Plan-and-Performance-Report/
- GAO, Further Efforts to Examine Resource Needs and Improve Data Could Provide Additional Opportunities for Cost Savings, Report #GAO-12-345 (Washington, DC: Government Accountability Office, 2012)
- Army, Army Leader Development Strategy (Washington, DC: Department of the Army, 2013).
- Army G3, Army Strategy Note: Institutional Strategy (Washington, DC: Department of the Army, 2022).
Commentaries (inclusion does not represent endorsement):
- Eaglen, MacKenzie, “Service Chiefs versus Combatant Commanders,” Real Clear Defense (blog), April 8, 2021, https://www.realcleardefense.com/articles/2021/04/08/service_chiefs_versus_combatant_commanders_771881.html
- Huntington, Samuel P. “Interservice Competition and the Political Roles of the Armed Services,” American Political Science Review 55, no. 1 (1961): 40-52, https://www.jstor.org/stable/977206
- Singer, Peter W., Bent But Not Broken: The Military Challenge for the Next Commander-in-Chief, Brookings Institution, February 28, 2007, https://www.brookings.edu/research/bent-but-not-broken-the-military-challenge-for-the-next-commander-in-chief/
- Ulrich, Marybeth. “What Norms are at Stake with a Retired General as SECDEF?” WAR ROOM, February 5, 2021, https://warroom.armywarcollege.edu/articles/retired-general-secdef/
This shelf provides resources related to the DoD Reorganization Act of 1986, also known as the “Goldwater-Nichols Act,” that strengthened “jointness” in DoD affairs. Senator John McCain opened a 2015 hearing commemorating the forthcoming 30th anniversary of this act with the following statement:
This landmark legislation, which marks its 30th anniversary next year, was the most consequential reform of the Department of Defense since its creation. And this committee played a critical role at every step of the way, from initial study to first draft to final passage. Put simply, the Goldwater-Nichols reforms would never have happened without the leadership of the Senate Armed Services Committee. And yet, to a large degree, the organization of the Department still reflects those major decisions and changes made back in 1986. On the whole, those reforms have served us well, but much has happened in the past 30 years. We need a defense organization that can meet our present and future challenges. That is why we must ask, Has the time come to reconsider, and potentially update, Goldwater- Nichols? And if so, how and in what ways?
Faculty Publications:
- None.
Laws, Policies, Memos, and Regulations (sorted by regulation number):
- Goldwater-Nichols Department of Defense Reorganization Act of 1986, Public Law 99-433 (October 1, 1986).
Strategies and Reports:
- Carter, Ashton. “Remarks on ‘Goldwater-Nichols at 30: An Agenda for Updating,'” As Delivered by Secretary of Defense Secretary of Defense Ash Carter to the CSIS Building, Washington, D.C., April 5, 2016.
- Kamarck, Kristy. Goldwater-Nichols and the Evolution of Officer Joint Professional Military Education, CRS Report #R44340 (Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service, 2016).
- Locher, James R. “Has it Worked? The Goldwater-Nichols Reorganization Act,” Naval War College Review 54, no. 4 (Autumn 2001): 95-115.
- McInnis, Kathleen J. Goldwater-Nichols at 30: Defense Reform and Issues for Congress, Report #R44474 (Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service, 2016).
- Beyond Goldwater-Nichols report series, Center for Strategic and International Studies:
- Murdock, Clark A. (project lead). Beyond Goldwater-Nichols: Defense Reform for a New Strategic Era, Phase I Report (Washington, DC: Center for Strategic and International Studies, March 2004), https://www.csis.org/analysis/beyond-goldwater-nichols-phase-i-report
- Murdock, Clark A. and Michele A. Fluornoy (project leads), Beyond Goldwater-Nichols: U.S. Government and Defense Reform for a New Strategic Era, Phase II Report (Washington, DC: Center for Strategic and International Studies, July 2005), https://www.csis.org/analysis/beyond-goldwater-nichols-phase-ii-report
- Wormuth, Christine E. (project lead), The Future of the National Guard and Reserves, Phase III Report (Washington, DC: Center for Strategic and International Studies, July 2006), https://www.csis.org/analysis/beyond-goldwater-nichols-phase-iii-report
Commentaries (inclusion does not represent endorsement):
- Anderson, Gary. “Face it, Goldwater-Nichols hasn’t worked,” Best Defense(blog), Foreign Policy, December 27, 2012, https://foreignpolicy.com/2012/12/27/face-it-goldwater-nichols-hasnt-worked/
- Hicks, Kathleen H., Invigorating Defense Governance: A Beyond Goldwater-Nichols Phase 4 Report (Washington, DC: Center for Strategic and International Studies, 2012), https://www.csis.org/analysis/invigorating-defense-governance
- McCauley, Dan. “Goldwater-Nichols II: It’s Not What You Think,” Small Wars Journal, October 15, 2012, https://smallwarsjournal.com/jrnl/art/goldwater-nichols-ii-it%E2%80%99s-not-what-you-think
- Serbu, Jared. Commentaries on Goldwater-Nichols at 25 Years, Federal News Network:
- “Part 1: 25 Years Ago, Goldwater-Nichols United the Pentagon, December 7, 2011, https://federalnewsnetwork.com/tom-temin-federal-drive/2011/12/part-1-25-years-ago-goldwater-nichols-united-the-pentagon/
- “Part 2: DoD Finds Clear Benefits in Aftermath of Goldwater-Nichols,” December 8, 2011, https://federalnewsnetwork.com/congress/2011/12/part-2-dod-finds-clear-benefits-in-aftermath-of-goldwater-nichols/
The Posse Comitatus Act restricts the use of the military in law enforcement activities. It has been commonly evoked in matters of using the active military or the Army Reserve (not the National Guard) for managing civil disobedience and border security matters such as illegal immigration.
Faculty Publications:
- None.
Laws, Policies, Memos, and Regulations (sorted by regulation number):
- Title 18, U.S. Code, Section 1385 (Posse Comitatus Act).
Strategies and Reports:
- None.
Commentaries (inclusion does not represent endorsement):
- Freedburg, Sydney J., “Little Law has Big Impact on Use of Military at Home,” Government Executive, November 15, 2005, https://www.govexec.com/defense/2005/11/little-law-has-big-impact-on-use-of-military-at-home/20649/
Title image credit: NORAD, public domain.
Defense Enterprise (E): Organization of DoD (EA) — Defense Business Area (EB) — Civil-Military Relations (EC) — Interagency Operations (EI) — Risk Management (EK) — Enterprise Leadership (EL) — Global Context (EN) — Strategic Planning (ES) — Defense Transformation (ET)
Library: Main Page — Professional Development (A) — Defense Enterprise (E) — Force Structure (F) — Modernization (M) — Personnel (P) — Readiness (R) — Special Enterprises (S) — Resource Management (X) — References (Z)